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Attack Speed ( $$AS$$ ) is the frequency with which units attack is measured. A unit's attack speed can be modified by items, per point of, abilities providing flat bonuses and auras.

Mechanics
Total attack speed is defined as



With  being the base attack speed,   and   being the flat additive and flat reduction bonuses. The total attack speed value has a minimum of and an maximum value of.

The attack rate is the amount of attacks a unit can launch within a second, and is defined as

With  being the amount of attacks per second (Attack Rate),   being the hero's base attack speed and   being the base attack time. Most heroes have a base attack speed and base attack time of and  respectively.

Base Attack Time
Every unit has a base attack time ( BAT ), which refers to the default interval between attacks for a unit without considering and attack speed bonus.

For example, a has a BAT of, and thus attacks once per second by default. Similarly, if a hero with BAT with no  and no bonus attack speed, they would attack once every 1.7 seconds. While nearly every unit can have their attack speed modified, only a few heroes can actively change their BAT.

Examples

 * With a base attack time of, base attack speed and  . What is 's attack rate at level 1?


 * Attacks per second = ( + Agility +   -  ) / (100 × BAT)
 * Attacks per second = (100 + 20 + 0 - 0) / (100*1.7)
 * Attacks per second = 120 / 170
 * Attacks per second = ~0.706

>> Axe attacks about 0.706 times per second.


 * Attack time = 1 / 0.706
 * Attack time = ~1.417

>> Axe takes about 1.417 seconds between attacks.

Here are some attack speed benchmarks and their effect on attacks per second:


 * attack speed, a unit with AS will take 5 times their BAT to attack (1/5x normal speed) (lower cap)
 * 25 attack speed, a unit with 25 AS will take 4 times their BAT to attack (1/4x normal speed)
 * 33 attack speed, a unit with 33 AS will take 3 times their BAT to attack (1/3x normal speed)
 * 50 attack speed, a unit with 50 AS will take 2 times their BAT to attack (1/2x normal speed)
 * 100 attack speed, a unit with 100 AS will take 1 time their BAT to attack (1x normal speed)
 * 200 attack speed, a unit with 200 AS will take 1/2 times their BAT to attack (2x normal speed)
 * 300 attack speed, a unit with 300 AS will take 1/3 times their BAT to attack (3x normal speed)
 * 400 attack speed, a unit with 400 AS will take 1/4 times their BAT to attack (4x normal speed)
 * 500 attack speed, a unit with 500 AS will take 1/5 times their BAT to attack (5x normal speed)
 * 600 attack speed, a unit with 600 AS will take 1/6 times their BAT to attack (6x normal speed)
 * attack speed, a unit with AS will take 1/7 times their BAT to attack (7x normal speed) (upper cap)

Exceptions
Most heroes have a BAT of except for the following:

Following abilities lower the casters BAT:

Maximum Attack Speed
The following abilities are able to change a unit's maximum attack speed (of ), allowing it to reach even higher values. If a unit is affected by multiple abilities that change the maximum value, the higher value takes priority.

Attack speed representation
The reciprocal of base attack time is base attack rate. For most heroes, this is 1 / 1.7 = 0.588 attacks per second. Attack speed is expressed in percent of base attack speed. The base is therefore expressed as. Each point of increased attack speed (IAS) adds 1 to that, giving 1% of base attack speed. Each point of agility increases IAS by 1. IAS is also modifiable by items, abilities, talents, buffs, and debuffs. Attack speed works together with BAT to determine how often a unit can attack. Attack speed has a minimum cap of and a maximum cap of.


 * Note: When mousing over attack damage in the HUD, the first field shows the attack speed and the time per attack in parenthesis. The attack speed field is defaulted to and adds the IAS afterward, leading to a lower boundary of  and an upper boundary of . Even though the display may show a unit to "exceed" these boundaries, the actual attack speed used for calculations will still obey the caps of  and . This can be easily verified by observing that the "time between attacks" display does not change even when pushing well past " attack speed".


 * Note2: Units that do not have 1.7 BAT will display their attack speed in the in-game HUD as if they had 1.7 BAT. For example, a unit with 0.85 BAT and no bonus attack speed ( attack speed) will display itself as having 200 attack speed, because 0.85 seconds is how long a unit with 1.70 BAT and 200 attack speed would take in between attacks. This strange quirk makes it harder to figure out if a hero without 1.7 BAT is nearing the attack speed cap, but it does allow players to compare this uniform "attack speed metric" across all heroes more easily (only their base attack time though, as any bonuses are not expressed in this "attack speed metric", but just added on top).

Patch History
Velocidade de ataque Скорость атаки 攻击速度